[ 王曉蘇 ]——(2005-10-27) / 已閱67881次
關于我國當代檢察權
法理定位及權能配置模式的思考
王曉蘇：法律碩士 一級檢察官
遼寧省本溪市人民檢察院 教育處處長
內容提要
我國檢察權定位問題在學理界和應用法學界爭執不休，對這一領域的研究，相對其他刑事法學的研究而言比較滯后，現有的框架已經成為當今司法改革的桎梏。
本文試圖運用法理學和訴訟法學等理論，從當代中國檢察權的實然形態入手，探討、論證當代中國檢察權及權能配置、運行的應然形態。一方面，分析當代中國檢察權在憲法中架構的合理性，另一方面，也闡述檢察權性質進一步明確的必要性。檢察權既不是行政權、也不是司法權，既不是行政權和司法權的混合體，也不是現在憲法定位的法律監督權，檢察權就是檢察權。檢察權是與審判權相對應的獨立權能。
圍繞這一觀點，運用比較的方法，從決定和制約檢察權定位的訴訟理論出發，論證檢察權作為獨立的國家權力的必然性。在此基礎上，探討檢察權科學的定位和優化檢察權配置、運行模式。
關鍵詞：檢察權 定位 配置 運行
英文摘要：Abstract
Camparing with other litigation theory,the research of the contemporary
procuratorial theories is rather weak.The concept on the science of law of mordern Chinese Procuratorial Power is in dispute.There are some radical problems in the process of practicing procuratorial power and in the mode of it.That effects the process of reforming the administration of justice.The form of the law atribution of procuratorial power and the mode in operation should be improved.
The author thinks that the procuratorial power should be studied and proofed on the foundation of the exact,stable essential sciecne of law,on that of the construstion and development on Chinese law absorbing the newest achievement about mordern science of criminal procedure,constitution and the national science.
The purpose of researching the theory is to guide the practice,meanwhile,the analysis of actual procuratorial power is in order to attain the ideal conclusion on it .
There are two different meanings in the course of the researching the concept and contents of procuratorial power. On one hand:What is its nature and mission ?How to exert it with the current power struture in our country? On the other hand,the procuratorial power will lead to impact on criminal civil and administrative proceedings in the cours of practice in our country as a culture of law and a part of civilization of human beings especially as an important part of the procuratorial system.It should be defined scientfically and become a beneficial chain of every science on laws.
In the practice,the current form of law structure is in the appearnce of practical form,and the form in reserching is an ideal form-that is called reasonable one,and they integrates with each other.The practical form is the origin of the reasonable one,and the reasonable form must necessarily conduct,amend the practical one,and it will serve for establishing a better practical form.
The anthor probes into the law of development and effectiveness on the procuratorial power from the course of production and the development of the mordern procuratorial power anylizes the evil of the practical form of procuratrial power itself and its distribution and its mode,points out the author's view.Chinese current procuratorial power is neither executive power nor judicial power nor the mixtuer of the above two powers nor the legal supervision power denified in the Constitution.It is the procuratorial power that fits for the contemporary national structure.
This work is divided into preface,main body, conclusion including five chapters.
Preface: A brief introduction on the practical value and the significance on the theory of the researches of Procuraterial Power system.
The first part fully introduces the concept,the origin of procuratorial power and general meaning of research on procuratorial power,illustrates some conclusions concerning on the procuratorial power.The Chinese contemporay procuratorial power should be exerted only by national procuratorial administration according to the Constitution and law.It can prosecute all the crime publicly ,then check the crime of a particular corpus and support the national interest to basic purpose.
The procuratorial one is an indcpendent kind of power,opposite to the judicial organ with the qualities of order,and judicature.The charicteristics of the Procuratorial Power are legal,indepence and specialism,order distingushed from executive pwer,judicial power and legal supervision power.The Procuratorial Power is often realized as standard,legal order.
The second part primarily elaborat the concept of the Procuratorial Power from the legal theory,the national law and the criminal law. “Public Justice Fairy”is the highest state of the corrent judicial state,and democracy is welcome.And this is the purpose of reforming the Procuratorial Power .
The concept, mode and attribution of the Procuratorial Power are effectivelly interfered by the principles of value.priciple of efficiency and that of litigation of request,procedure of social public welfare.Considering the integration scientifically,we can take the usage of the Procuratorial Power well,at last it can necessarily guide the reform suceessfully.
The third and fourth part judges the benifits and disadvantages of the current Procuratorial Power analyzing the unreasonable causes because of the interfere of legal.adimnistration.
The fifth part (Conclusion)illustrates the analyze of the contemprary form of the Procuratorial Power.The author objectirely evaluate the total tendeney of the development, reform and completion.The author brings up the points and suggestions.That is:
Make clear the difference between the legal supervision power and the Procuratorial power.
Change the mode of the appointment of the prosecutors,the way of management and pratice administration centralization dual system.
Remove the irrelavant power practiced by the contemprary prosecution.
Enhance the power of interfering the litigant and national low of civil case and balance the judicial organ and gurantee.
Abolish the administraltive organization, practice the chief prosecutor to lead the whole prosecutors realize the integration.
英文關鍵詞：Thinking on the concept and content of Chinese current procuratorial power
目錄：
第一章 檢察權概述
第二章 檢察權定位的法理思考
第三章 當代中國檢察權的職能配置及評斷
第四章 當代中國檢察權運行模式及評斷
第五章 檢察權的應然定位及權能培植、運行模式的理性思考
第一章 檢察權概述
檢察權是國家權力在社會生活中的體現，是國家權力的具體形式之一。檢察權伴隨著一個國家的民主法制化進程的推進，干預、制衡國家其他權力，特別是制約司法權的職能也日趨顯著。
由于國家制度的不同和司法制度的差異，一個國家所賦予檢察權的內容不同，法理定位也不同。英、美國家把檢察權劃歸到行政權中，檢察機關隸屬行政院或司法部。大陸法系的國家則把檢察權作為司法權的一種，劃歸到司法序列，其職權的相對性比較突出。如，法國檢察官局限在純粹的司法領域，職權僅僅限于控訴和刑罰的執行。美國把檢察職能配置于聯邦法律的執行機構中，即司法部長、副部長分別是總檢察長和副總檢察長，管轄檢察系統、警察系統、刑罰機構、聯邦調查機構。其職權是行政權能。
司法、檢察制度的不同，檢察權的含義也不同，但是，檢察官作為一種職業，最基本的職能有三項，即監督權、偵查權、公訴權。這三項基本權能在聯合國《關于檢察官作用的準則》中也有相應表述，如：第十一條規定檢察官有公訴權；第十四條規定有不起訴權；第十五條規定檢察官對貪污腐化案件有偵查權；第十六條規定檢察官有監督權；第十七條規定檢察官有自由裁量權。
一、檢察權的歷史淵源
檢察職能與制度的產生猶如其他國家職能一樣，是國家統治的需要，但是，檢察制度的產生相對其他制度發展產生較晚，其產生孕育發展過程是國家法治、民主與文明建設、完善的結果。從人類社會發展演進過程看，國家要維護正常社會秩序，必須對各類犯罪進行懲戒，運用國家權力和法律保護國家利益和公共利益。
中國古代的訴訟也分為官糾和民舉兩類，最早見于《尚書》記載：“兩造具備，師聽五辭。五辭簡孚，正于五刑”，團體訴訟秦朝時期就有“五從相告”，官吏糾舉在云夢書簡中有大量的記載。到三國兩晉南北朝以后，對重大犯罪都由官吏糾舉。【2】可見侵犯公共利益的犯罪和多數人利益的犯罪開始由官吏代表國家進行訴訟干預。到三國兩晉南北朝時期確立嚴懲重罪十條以后，嚴重犯罪也開始由國家干預訴訟。古羅馬司法審判中，將訴訟按公犯和私犯劃分，公犯案件交由官吏起訴。無論中外，訴訟的類型發展演進一步一個腳印地向著民主法制邁進。
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